O di Ólos 96 exception of a very high burden. The main reason is that sodium is kind of an additive for different foods. In most of the Countries, the main sources of sodium are processed food, table salt, and the reason why it has a so-high burden is that basically it represents the main actor in increasing hypertension and high blood pressure, second cause of global deaths second cause of global deaths. Also, because of the effect of sodium on high blood pressure, its overconsumption is directly connected with the risk of stomach cancer, further increasing the burden of deaths associated to it. On the opposite, as you were saying, your research enlightens the underestimate importance of nuts, seeds and whole grains in a healthy diet. Especially talking about whole grains and nuts, unfortunately these are the foods for which people currently show a very low intake level. The medium level of nuts’ intake in too many Countries is very close to zero, and the gap between their optimal consumption is too high. People should eat 16 to 18 grams of nuts, or more, per day, but they currently eat about 3 or 4 grams per day. Same with whole grains. People should eat 125 grams of whole grains per day, instead they currently take less than 30 grams. What we see is a dramatically huge gap between the dramatically huge gap between the current level and the optimal one. In Italy, a famous YouTuber shot a video² about average food portions in the US; obviously, unhealthy food plays a role of lead character in the rich Countries’ supermarkets. You were born in Iran, so I guess you first-hand experienced this lack of measure. In the US, portions’ sizes are the most abundant in the world. Same with supermarkets and restaurants. Obviously, all this massively contributes to obesity, so that we have two major problems: an obesity issue related to the quantity quantity of any type of food - of any type of food - especially of the unhealthy ones - and a diet quality issue. If you take a look at the leading dietary factors causing mortality in the US, you will easily experience a low intake of whole grains, nuts and seeds, fruits and vegetables. What does all this mean? It means that although there is a big problem of obesity, people don’t even consume the right type of foods. We said your research is about 195 Countries, and that is a good space definition, but how many years of data are considered? In terms of time, which is the real deepness of the study? Our data are collected from 1990 to 2017 from 1990 to 2017, and each , and each datum will be updated in the process in order to have a new estimation once more in 2019. Prof. Afshin, since 2007 your declared mission at IHME is «accelerating global health progress through sound measurement and accountable science»; how this research can help? This research enlightens that diet is the number one risk factor for mortality, but the , but the major contribute to help would be bringing it in the agenda of policy makers, in order to improve people’s health, by improving their diet. If policy makers in each Country really wish to improve it, that could possibly be one of their sources of information. Allow me to insist on this point: in many Countries, focus is reducing meat, or sugar, or fats consumption, but if you take a look at the rankings, you will see that most of their deaths can be related to low intake of healthy foods. So, rather than focusing only on unhealthy foods’ inhibition, they’d equally need to focus on whole grains, nuts, seeds and fruit promotion. Your study provided a surprising esteem about 2017: how many people could have been saved thanks to a correct diet? How many deaths per year could be avoided?
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